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In this example, the native role of Administrator is mapped to the application role of ForumModerator. Working with portlets you may also specify a mapping in the same form within the <portlet> element of the portlet.xml file. When isUserInRole() is called, the system checks each file in turn, so if no suitable role name is listed in the portlet.xml, the system checks the web.xml. If that in turn contains no suitable role name entries, the native security system will be tested for the appropriate principal s role memberships.

The syntax is a little strange, as the method is on the class type, not the specific object. So, if you want to check if MyBoat is a speedboat, you would use Vehicles. SpeedBoat.isInstanceOfType(MyBoat). Obviously, MyBoat isn t a speedboat, it is just a boat, so this returns false.

SSO is essentially a technical solution to a usability problem. Users are not good at remembering several different passwords, and they dislike being made to enter a password numerous times. For example, the authors have worked for various companies where this is a problem. Dave used to work for a company where there was a separate login to the workstation, to the e-mail system, to the timekeeping system, to the database, and to each of the six different systems that he was developing interfaces for. The situation is common on the Internet. Your bank, auction site, web mail account, and so on are likely to have distinct usernames and passwords. Some services have sprung up to try to unify logins between sites. Microsoft Passport and the Liberty Alliance are competing standards in this domain; they are SSO solutions at the interorganizational level. When building an SSO solution for services accessed via portlets, you have slightly different considerations, and indeed, SSO does not refer to a single technology, or even a single strategy for solving the problem. There are distinct approaches, which we will now discuss in the context of portlets.

Up until now, all the changes that we made are saved in the DataSet only; they are yet to be committed back to the database. You can test this by making some changes to the records and then closing the application without clicking the Save button. You will observe that the changes are lost. The Click event handler of the Save button contains code that propagates changes from the DataSet back to the database. Listing 7-10 shows this code. Listing 7-10. Saving the DataSet Changes to the Database private void button4_Click(object sender, EventArgs e) { SqlCommand cmdInsert = new SqlCommand(); SqlCommand cmdUpdate = new SqlCommand(); SqlCommand cmdDelete = new SqlCommand(); cmdInsert.Connection = cnn; cmdUpdate.Connection = cnn; cmdDelete.Connection = cnn; cmdInsert.CommandText = "INSERT INTO employees(firstname,lastname,homephone,notes) VALUES(@fname,@lname,@phone,@notes)"; cmdUpdate.CommandText = "UPDATE employees SET firstname=@fname,lastname=@lname,homephone=@phone WHERE employeeid=@empid"; cmdDelete.CommandText = "DELETE FROM employees WHERE employeeid=@empid"; SqlParameter[] pInsert = new SqlParameter[4]; pInsert[0] = new SqlParameter("@fname", SqlDbType.VarChar); pInsert[0].SourceColumn = "firstname"; pInsert[1] = new SqlParameter("@lname", SqlDbType.VarChar); pInsert[1].SourceColumn = "lastname"; pInsert[2] = new SqlParameter("@phone", SqlDbType.VarChar); pInsert[2].SourceColumn = "homephone"; pInsert[3] = new SqlParameter("@notes", SqlDbType.VarChar); pInsert[3].SourceColumn = "notes"; foreach (SqlParameter p in pInsert) { cmdInsert.Parameters.Add(p); }

True SSO is the term we will adopt for the perfect solution. In this scenario, your user enters a username and password only once when logging in to the portal. Problems with this approach arise when legacy systems are involved. Most of our examples will discuss using Kerberos to manage authentication between the portals and external services, but this is a relatively new protocol. Older systems can be difficult or expensive to update to accommodate Kerberos or another standard SSO technology.

Similarly, if I check whether MySpeedBoat is a SpeedBoat, I will get true, as this is indeed true. Where it gets neat and interesting is in the fact that SpeedBoat derives from Boat, so if I check whether MySpeedBoat is a Boat, using this syntax, Vehicles.Boat. isInstanceOfType(MySpeedBoat), then I will also get true returned, as a MySpeedBoat is a Boat as well as a SpeedBoat.